Since 1863, when the world’s first underground railway began service between Paddington and Farringdon Street in ondon, the city has relied on its subterranean arteries. The expanded network, known colloquially as “The Tube,”today makes more than three million passenger journeys per day, over 253 miles of track connecting 275 stations.
    As London’s Tube has developed over the past 140 years it has become inextricably linked to the city’s psyche.Its underground stations gave shelter to Londoners and their leaders during both world wars, and it has tied together many outlying villages and new suburbs into today’s thriving metropolis.
    But as the Tube entered its third century, the British government realized it needed to change the way upgrades and maintenance are managed. Instead of managing renewal of the aging infrastructure itself, the government sought to bring private sector expertise to the table in the form of public-private partnership (P.P.P.) agreements. Under these agreements, the network was split into several groups of lines, and consortiums of leading construction and maintenance companies were invited to bid for 30-year franchises on Tube operations......

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